Wormleybury

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A country house surrounded by a landscape park, developed in the 1770s from an earlier formal scheme, together with remnants of early 19th-century gardens famed for their plant collection.

LOCATION, AREA, BOUNDARIES, LANDFORM, SETTING

Wormleybury lies to the west of the village of Wormley in the Lea Valley. The 57ha site is bounded to the east by the A10 dual carriageway. The east boundary was marked, before the C20 construction of the A10, by the New River, on the east side of which lies Wormley village. On the other sides the site is bounded by agricultural land. A stream, lying within a woodland belt, which feeds the lake from the west, marks the west half of the south boundary. The west half of the north boundary is marked by the lane linking Wormley West End with the main village to the east, this lane bisecting the eastern section of the site. From the house the ground falls to the south and to the east. The setting is partly rural, with the urban development of Cheshunt to the south extending north along the River Lea east of the site.

ENTRANCES AND APPROACHES

The main drive to the house is from the village of Wormley to the east. The entrance off Church Lane was moved a little to the west in the C19 when a lodge was built, and, with the construction of the A10 in the late C20, has again been slightly altered. Having entered the estate, the drive then crosses a bridge over the northern end of the lake to arrive at carriage sweeps on the east and north fronts. A broad flight of stone steps leads up from the northern carriage sweep, set in an open lawn, to a two-storey stone portico on the north front. A stepped walk leads northwards up to the parish church of St Lawrence (C12, restored and extended mid C19, listed grade II*) via an early to mid C18 wrought-iron screen and double gates with overthrow (listed grade II).

PRINCIPAL BUILDING

Wormleybury house (Robert Mylne 1767-9, listed grade I) stands at the centre of the site. The three-storey, rectangular brick house, with interior decoration by Robert Adam (1777-9), was built on the site of the 1730s house. The south, garden front has a full height, canted bay window overlooking the garden. A service court is attached to the west side of the house, entered from the west via a two-storey clock-tower arch surmounted by a tall wooden cupola.

GARDENS AND PLEASURE GROUNDS

To the south of the present house is a substantial bank, the remains of the mid C18 terraced garden. From here the land falls to the crescent-shaped lake. This was created from a mid C18 canal and circular basin which lay to the east of the 1730s house. Around the southern edge of the water is a yew walk, also a mid C18 feature, which leads to the large, 4m high stone urn (1770, probably Robert Mylne, listed grade II*) standing at the south-west corner of the lake. From here the walk continued as a ride through the shelter belt along the southern edge of the park to its western tip, then through the northern belt and past the Manor House, an early C20 addition in the park (OS C19).

The 1730s house was surrounded by a simple, formal layout, and was approached directly from the north via a long, rectangular forecourt. To the east of the forecourt there were walled gardens, cleared as part of the landscaping work which accompanied the building of the new house, and beyond these a wilderness, the bones of which survive. A formal rectangular canal extended south from the wilderness into the park, opening out into a circular basin with a central circular island. The canal stopped short of a broadened and canalised artificial arm of the stream to the south (estate map, 1751; Dury and Andrews, 1766). Adam's garden building designs included one 'For a Dressing-room to adjoin the Bath'. This is thought to have been situated south-west of the house, where there is a spring and formerly the remains of brick and stonework (CL 1915).

PARK

The park lies to west and east of the stream which feeds into the northern end of the lake, and also extends westwards from the house. More land to the east and north was taken into the park in the C19 but the building of the Wormley bypass in the late C20 has reduced the area, and the eastern boundary taken for the area here registered is that of the C18 park. An icehouse stands to the north of the drive, just east of the lake.

KITCHEN GARDEN

The walled kitchen gardens, probably of a date contemporary with the present house, stand immediately to its west. Elaborate gardens were laid out in the slips around the walls and numerous plants survive from these although much of the design has gone. It seems likely that this was the site of the early C19 gardens laid out by Sir Abraham Hume and commented on by J C Loudon in his Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1828 edn) and Arboretum and Fruticetum (1838).

REFERENCES

J C Loudon, Encyclopaedia of Gardening (5th edition 1828)

J C Loudon, Arboretum et Fruticetum (1838)

Country Life, 37 (30 January 1915), pp 144-9

Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 66, (1941), pp 308-12

Maps

A map of part of the estate of Alexander Hume esq, ... as it is altered since the last survey taken in 1733, 1751 (Hertfordshire Record Office)

Dury and Andrews, A topographical Map of Hartford-shire, 1766

Tithe map for Wormley parish, 1841 (Hertfordshire Record Office)

Description written: April 1999

Edited: October 2000